Although buying in bulk is great for saving you money, if you have only just set up your store then you may not have the money to buy stock until a customer makes an order. ERIC Educational Resources Information Center. (2004). Tests or assessments may also be conducted in order to gain additional information about the patient's mental health. Individuals with chronic trauma since childhood sometimes respond by circling a zero because they do not feel worse than "usual.". Or not? How do they differ and what does this mean for depression research? Confirmatory factor analysis indicated that a bifactor model with a general depression factor and three specific factors consisting of cognitive, affective and somatic showed the best fit to the data. If you are concerned about your level of depression, it is important to discuss your symptoms with a mental health professional. Arch Gen Psychiatry. Questionnaires and other measures are provided here solely as a courtesy to accompany our scoring code. Cognitive trauma therapy for battered women with PTSD (CTT-BW). Therefore, a pilot study was first conducted to ensure that participants correctly understood the content of BDI-II items. . Psychiatry & Clinical Neurosciences, 59(2), 127-134. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 190(2), 94-99. They found good internal consistency and factoral validity, with factor analysis identifying a general dimension of depression and two related factors, cognitive-affective and somatic-motivational, similar to the factor structure reported in the BDI-II manual. The lack of psychometrically well-established measures for assessing depression in community hinder the early detection of symptoms, the evaluation of the effectiveness of interventions and the development of research programs aimed to identify risk factors associated to depression in Dominican population. Bryant, R.A., Moulds, M.L., Guthrie, R.M., & Nixon, R.D.V. In this study a Hof .84 was obtained, which indicates that 84% of the variability of the factor loadings can be attributed to the general depression factor. Although the psychometric properties of the scale have been well established through many studies worldwide, so far there is no study examining the validity and reliability of BDI-II in Republic Dominican. Pontificia Universidad Catlica Madre y Maestra, Santiago de los Caballeros, Dominican Republic, Affiliation http://www.who.int/mental_health/dominican_republic_who_aims_spanish.pdf. Allen S. Scoring the Beck Depression Inventory. While Dominicans native language is the same that the language BDI-II version used in this study (i.e., Spanish), there are linguistic characteristics that may vary substantially. The Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) is currently one of the most widely used measures in both research and clinical practice for assessing depression. One study involving a confirmatory factor analysis of the CES-D and the original BDI, failed to validate a single-factor model (Skorikov & Vandervoort, 2003). Sanz, J., Perdign, A.L., & Vzquez, C. (2003). Also, when verifying the fit of a bifactor model, it makes sense to consider additional indices, mainly the hierarchical omega (H), the percentage of explained common variance (ECV) and the percentage of uncontaminated correlations (PUC). including the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Pittsburgh Sleep . Treating childhood traumatic grief: A pilot study. Clear Lake Regional Medical Center, Webster, Texas, USA [E-mail: aofpharm420@hotmail.com] I. Yes Manual for the Beck Depression Inventory-II. (2005). treatment [3,5]. Finally,Vanheule et al. Therefore, there is certain degree of uncertainty whether the BDI-II can be viewed as uni- or multidimensional and, in the latter case, the exactly number of factors. In contrast, findings concerning BDI-II factor structure have been somewhat inconsistent. (n.d.). Cole, J.C., Grossman, I., Prillman, C., & Hunsaker, E. (2003). The current version of the inventory and its predecessors has been shown to be reliable and valid across a wide age range of samples.1 Additionally, the BDI-II and previous versions have been standardized in different countries and cultures. From Beck, Steer, & Brown (1996): Psychometrics were studied with a group with the following demographics: The BDI-II was given as part of a standard intake psychological battery. The BDI-II is widely used as an indicator . "This research had the revision and approval of the National Council of Bioethics in Health/ Consejo Nacional de Biotica en Salud (CONABIOS) of the Dominican Republic. Kubany, E.S., Hill, E.E., Owens, J.A., Iannce-Spencer, C., McCaig, M.A., Tremayne, K.J., & Williams, P.L. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is a 21-item, self-report rating inventory that measures characteristic attitudes and symptoms of depression [6]. The National Suicide Prevention Lifeline can be reached at 1-800-273-8255, and is available 24/7. Cons: 1. Beck's Depression Inventory . Kumar, Steer, Teitelman, & Villacis (2001) examined adolescents who had cutoff scores of 21 and above. BDI-II scores are correlated with scores on the Reynolds Adolescent Depression Scale, the Beck Hopelessness Scale, the Beck Anxiety Inventory, the MMPI-A, and the Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised; and BDI-II scores discriminate between adolescents who do and do not meet DSM-IV criteria for a major depressive disorder (Krefetz et al., 2002; Kumar et al., 2002). (1998). Therefore, the purpose of the present study was twofold. The additive benefit of hypnosis and cognitive-behavioral therapy in treating acute stress disorder. Dictionary . here. The corrected item-total correlation was also calculated for the items of each factor. What Is the Holmes and Rahe Stress Scale? Psychological Assessment, 15, 569-577. Raw scores of 0 to 13 indicates minimal depression, 14 to 19 indicates mild depression, 20 to 28 indicates moderate depression, and 29 to 63 indicates severe depression. Some items on the BDI have more than one statement marked with the same score. Lack of unidimensionality and longitudinal measurement invariance in four common rating scales of depression. [16] two-factor correlated model composed of a cognitive-affective and a somatic factors has been supported in many studies [17,18,19]; there are others studies which identified a single factor [11,20], two alternative factors consisting of somatic-affective and cognitive [21,22], three factors corresponding to cognitive, somatic and affective [23,24,25], and an alternative three-factor model including negative attitude, difficulty and somatic [2329]. Osman, A., Kopper, B.A., Guttierez, P.M., Barrios, F., & Bagge, C.L. Mood Disorder (Depressive, Bipolar) and Symptoms (e.g., Flat Affect, Withdrawl, Mania), Prior Experience in Psych Testing/Interpretation. Analyses with adult inpatients have identified a single hierarchical depression factor (Cole, Grossman, Prillman, & Hunsaker, 2003). Although the age range for the measure is from 17 to 80, the measure has been used in peer-reviewed studies with younger adolescents . Al-Musawi, N.M. (2001). Results are summarized in Table 2. Project administration, * E-mail: zgarcia@pucmm.edu.do, zoiloegarcia@gmail.com. Based on previous BDI-II research findings, several competing models were tested including one, two, three-factor models and bifactor models. Google Scholar. The BDI-II is a widely used 21-item self-report inventory measuring the severity of depression in adolescents and adults. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. (2004). One thousand and forty individuals (54.9% women and 45.1% men) from Dominican Republic participated in the study. Is the Subject Area "Depression" applicable to this article? An exploration of comorbid depression among female victims of intimate partner violence with posttraumatic stress disorder. The cut-off points of values greater than .95 reported by Hu and Bentler [48] and Joreskog and Sorboms [49] were used for the CFI and GFI indices in order to consider an optimal fit, and greater than .90 for an acceptable fit. This method has demonstrated to be statistically more powerful for controlling Type 1 error compared to Bonferroni adjustment [52]. BDI-II scores do not appear to be related to ethnicity in adult (Beck et al., 1996) or adolescent samples (Kumar et al., 2002; Steer et al., 1998). The purpose of the present study . Sprinkle et al. for only $16.05 $11/page. Sprinkle, S.D., Lurie, D., Insko, S.L., Atkinson, G., Jones, G.L., Logan, A.R., & Bissada, N.N. Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory-II with university students in Bahrain. Butler and Beck (2000) reviewed 14 meta-analyses investigating the effectiveness of Beck's cognitive therapy and concluded that about 80% of adults benefited from the therapy. The BDI has also been used with individuals with vicarious traumatization with scores on a Secondary Trauma Scale related to higher levels of depression (Motta, Newman, Lombardo, & Silverman, 2004). In particular, Model 1 assumes depression as a unitary construct and, therefore, all BDI-II items were allowed to load into a single factor (Depression) [20]; Model 2 tested a two-factor model represented by cognitive-affective and somatic factors [45]; Model 3 tested the original two-factor model identified by Beck et al. Neal, J.A., Edelmann, R.J., & Glachan, M. (2002). The BDI was developed by Dr. Aaron T. Beck, a psychiatrist, and released in 1961. He found similar psychometrics for the non-clinical sample, but results of his confirmatory factor analysis suggested that a 3-factor model, comprised of negative attitude, performance difficulty, and somatic dimensions, provided a better fit than the traditional 2-factor model. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation. (2003). The BDI-II is a widely used 21-item self-report inventory measuring the severity of depression in adolescents and adults. A total score of 0 to 7 points indicates minimal anxiety, 8 to 15 points mild, 16 to 25 points moderate, and 26 to 63 points severe anxiety symptoms. Items receiving low Relevance ratings included item 3 (Past Failure), item 6 (Punishment Feelings), and item 21 (Loss of Interest in Sex). This paper, therefore, evaluates the instrument, looking at its design and format, its Psychometric properties, strengths, and weaknesses. Use of the Beck Depression Inventory-II with adolescent psychiatric outpatients. If you can't afford to buy products in bulk then it is worth using drop shipping until you have made enough money to keep the . The Beck Depression Inventory or BDI is an assessment method to evaluate the most important symptoms of depression. The internal consistency of each factor and the general scale was assessed using Cronbach's coefficient. Reliability and validity of the Beck Depression Inventory-II with adolescent psychiatric inpatients. Their findings replicate what has been found in Canadian, Swedish, and Bulgarian non-clinical adolescents, but are different from factor analyses conducted with inpatient and outpatient adolescents in the United States. 2. Background. Cardemil, E.V., Kim, S., Pinedo, T.M., & Miller, I.W. They also found similar factor structures for both groups, providing evidence of factoral validity. The mean age was 37.20 (SD=15.91). No, Is the Subject Area "Research assessment" applicable to this article? . Byrne, Stewart, & Lee (2004) examined the psychometrics of the Chinese Beck Depression Inventory-II with a sample of Hong Kong community adolescents. The Beck Depression Inventory can be a helpful tool in assessing your level of distress but should not be used as a replacement for professional help. Manual for the Beck Depression Inventory-II. For example, individuals are asked to respond to each question based on a two-week time period rather than the one-week timeframe on the BDI. The nine items of the PHQ-9 are based directly on the nine diagnostic criteria for major depressive disorder in the DSM-IV. However, findings show that the bifactor model consisting of a general depression factor and three specific factors including cognitive, affective and somatic provided the best fit to data (see Fig 1), https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199750.g001, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199750.t001, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199750.t002. Azocar, F., Aren, P., Miranda, J., & Muoz, R.F. In this article, we will discuss the characteristics and specifications of the Beck Anxiety Inventory. The procedure used to determine the cut scores may increase the likelihood of false positives or overdiagnoses of depression among clients. Psychol Assess. Comparison of two self-evaluation scales and clinical assessment with a structured questionnaire. With depression, the neurotransmitter serotonin is responsible for sleep, aggression, sexual behavior, . The PHQ-9 is the nine item depression scale of the patient health questionnaire. It has been used in samples of combat veterans, women who have experienced intimate partner violence and sexual abuse, and in numerous treatment outcome studies for PTSD. Five screening items reduce the length and the intrusiveness of the questionnaire for patients who are nonsuicidal. Despite all limitations, we note that this is the first study to demonstrate the construct validity and reliability of the BDI-II in Dominican Republic. Lack of unidimensionality and longitudinal measurement invariance in four common rating scales of depression, Cross-cultural examination of measurement invariance of the Beck Depression Inventory-II, Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory-II: a comprehensive review, Reliability and Validity of the Beck Depression Inventory-II among Korean Adolescents, Discriminant validity of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Beck Depression Inventory (II) and Beck Anxiety Inventory to confirmed clinical diagnosis of depression and anxiety in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Vegetative symptoms (refers to changes in sleep patterns, and appetite). All participants agreed to participate voluntarily and provided written consent prior to complete the inventory and after information about purposes of the study were provided. Conceptualization, We will write a custom Assessment on Beck Depression Inventory, Its History and Benefits specifically for you. In adults, the BDI-II has been found to correlate with multiple measures of depression including the Center for Epidemiological Studies of Depression Scale (CES-D), Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale, the Beck Hopelessness Scale, and the Revised Hamilton Psychiatric Rating Scale for Depression (Beck, Steer, & Brown, 1996). The authors revised the BDI to be more consistent with the criteria for depression found in the DSM-IV. Cardemil, Kim, Pinedo, & Miller (2005) found high internal consistence (alpha was .90-.92) and change in scores over the course of treatment for both English- and Spanish-speaking Latina women from a predominantly low-income sample. The results of the tool are determined by the sum of the ratings, creating a score that ranges anywhere from 0 to 63. Developing a culturally appropriate depression prevention program: The Family Coping Skills Program. Fourth, it has been suggested that bifactor models are more robust to model misspecification (e.g., substantive cross-loadings) than multidimensional or hierarchical CFA models [64] which may result in bias in favor of bifactor models and, consequently, to explain why such measurement models outperform conventional CFA models. Convergent validity of the Beck Depression Inventory for Youth. Download full paper File format: .doc, available for editing. The Beck Anxiety Inventory or (BAI), is a self-report test that contains 21 multiple-choice questions (Likert scale from 0 to 3 in terms of how severe you perceive the symptom) and it is used to measure anxiety symptoms (severity and level) that an . (2005). The Beck Depression Inventory A study done by Boury et al. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 43(4), 393-402. The CDI is a tool that mental health professionals use to measure the cognitive, affective, and behavioral signs of depression in children and adolescents between the ages of 7 and 17. Beck, A.T., Steer, R.A., & Brown, G.K. (1996). Dr. Beck and his colleagues found that the BDI had good reliability and validity. What Is the Bipolar Spectrum Diagnostic Scale? 4. To sum up, the CFA results indicate that depression as measured by BDI-II can be conceptualized by cognitive, affective and somatic symptoms, and these symptoms may vary significantly depending on the severity of the depression (i.e., the depression general factor). Validating the Beck Depression Inventory-II for Hong Kong community adolescents. Screening, Identification, and Assessment, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, Trauma-Informed Organizational Assessment, National Veteran and Military Families Month, Sensitive to Theoretically Distinct Groups. However, 30% of bilingual participants would be placed in a different depressive category depending on whether their Spanish or English scores are used. Journal of Personality Assessment, 78, 451-460. For example, individuals are asked to respond to each question based on a two-week time period rather than the one-week timeframe on the BDI. According to Steer et al. Beck AT, Ward CH, Mendelson M, Mock J, Erbaugh J. It contains 21 items, and a patient has to rate them all on a scale to help the doctor assess his medical condition. Depression stands out not only for its high prevalence, but also due to the probability of associated relapse and recurrence. In order to compare the fit of the models, the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) was also considered. 2. Mult Scler. The BDI-II discriminates depressed from non-depressed patients (Beck, Steer, & Brown, 1996; Sprinkle et al., 1992). Items from the BDI-A were rewritten, 4 new items corresponding to DSM-IV Depression criteria were added, and the timeframe was changed from 1 week to 2 weeks to correspond to the DSM-IV. Verywell Mind's content is for informational and educational purposes only. The internal consistency of the BDI-II was 0.9, which means that the items on the questionnaire relate to each other and measure the same construct. First, to determine the most appropriate BDI-II factor structure by examining several competing factor models that have been reported in previous studies. The .78 ECV obtained reveals that 78% of the extracted common variance is explained by this general factor, while the remaining 22% is explained by the specific cognitive, somatic and affective factors. Furthermore, since research indicates that depression symptoms response differentially to treatment [57] the use of BDI-II global score alone as a measure to detect changes in response to treatment may obscure the impact of interventions. Discriminant validity of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Beck Depression Inventory (II) and Beck Anxiety Inventory to confirmed clinical diagnosis of depression and anxiety in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Criterion-based validity have also shown acceptable sensitivity and specificity of the BDI-II for detecting depression, supporting its clinical utility as an aid measure for diagnostic purposes [2,14,15]. For more mental health resources, see our National Helpline Database. Behaviour Research & Therapy, 43(4), 413-431. doi: 10.1192/j.eurpsy.2020.87. Behavioural inhibition and symptoms of anxiety and depression: Is there a specific relationship with social phobia? In contrast, all the corresponding bifactor models fitted well to the data. The first revision occurred in 1979, also popularized as BDI-I A, differs from the . Cognitive therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder. The authors suggest findings provide support for the BDI-II in this population (Al-Musawi, 2001). Psychiatry Research, 110, 291-299. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73(2), 334-340. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is a 21-item, self-rated scale that evaluates key symptoms of depression including mood, pessimism, sense of failure, self-dissatisfaction, guilt, punishment, self-dislike, self-accusation, suicidal ideas, crying, irritability, social withdrawal, indecisiveness, body image change, work difficulty, insomnia, fatigability, loss of . Scoring The Beck Depression Inventory. Another setback is the high financial cost that it entails, which translates into low productivity, workplace absenteeism, outpatient care, hospitalizations and pharmacological treatments [2]. Benefits. Results have consistently shown good internal consistency and test-retest reliability of the BDI-II incommunity [9,10,11] adolescent and adult clinical outpatients [12] as well as in adult clinical inpatients [13]. You need to invest in your inventory. The BDI-II has been referenced in 586 publications in peer-reviewed journal articles. Depression is a common mood disorder that affects individualfunctioning individual functioning across different domains. The present study sought to examine the dimensionality and reliability of the BDI-II in Republic Dominican. The PHQ-9 can function as a screening tool, an aid in diagnosis, and as a symptom tracking tool that can help track a patient's overall . The BDI-II was revised in 1996 to be more consistent with DSMIV criteria for depression. Osman, Kopper, Guttierez, Barrios, & Bagge (2004) studied the content validity of the BDI-II by having 10 experts rate the relevance and specificity of items for DSM-IV Major Depressive Disorders. Sage Research Methods. (2003). This finding differs from common findings indicating that the affective factor should be subsumed by the cognitive [17,18,58] or the somatic factor [5,10,59,60]. The BDI was designed to measure the severity of depression, as well as to serve as a tool for screening for depression. Due to the face validity of the BDI-II, underreporting and overreporting may be likely. Depression and Anxiety, 19(3), 187-189. Crossref. Citation: Garca-Batista ZE, Guerra-Pea K, Cano-Vindel A, Herrera-Martnez SX, Medrano LA (2018) Validity and reliability of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) in general and hospital population of Dominican Republic. (2005). Reveals specific suicidal characteristics that require greater clinical scrutiny. 3 I am so sad and unhappy that I can't stand it. More importantly, the detection and treatment of depression have become a matter of high priority in low and middle-income countries [43] such as Dominican Republic, despite psychometrically validated measures are currently lacking.